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On place à droite du nom : available, concerned, involved, possible, present, proper, responsible, suitable. ex : "all people concerned".
I remember very clearly the morning that George first came to school.
He wrote to Mary foolishly/kindly( =manner)
He foolishly wrote her a letter (=it was foolish of him to do so)
this house was badly built/built badly
I well remember your father/I remember your father well.
he affronted him/to put an affront upon so/to offer an affront to so/to suffer an affront at the hands of so/ to pocket an affront(=avaler un affront)
I am afraid lest that I should offend him.
I am afraid that he will not come.
innocent persons are apt to be nervous
A. Prononciation.
B. Dénombrables pluriel et indénombrables
1. sens général= pas d'articles
2. déterminés par 1: une proposition 2: un complément of, at, between, in 3: par le contexte (ex: I was fed up with the war) = articles.
C. Articles avec:
1. les planètes (the earth, the sun, the moon; mais Mars, Jupiter)
2. phénomènes atmosphériques
3. les titres
4. les institutions
ex: the police
5. les inventions
ex: the telephone
6. les catégories
the rabbit, the rose
D. Les noms propres
Pas d'article :"Queen Elisabeth" mais "the Emperor", "the Czar"
"Good old George"
E. noms de peuples
The French; the Americans (100%)//Americans (80%)
F. noms de pays
Pas d'article "Argentina" mais "the Argentine (republic)"
G. Les cours d'eau
The thames
H. chaîne de montagnes : The Alps
I. sommets
Mount Blanc
J. les mers: the Atlantic
K. les rues: Oxford st
mais the rue de Rivoli.
L. noms abstraits
nature
M. le temps
winter
N. jours de la semaine
Monday
Last/next week mais the last week= durée
O. les repas, maladies, jeux
breakfast, the flu, the measles, the mumps, football
P. Titres de journaux
Q. article 0: superlatif employé comme adv.
This is where you eat best.
R. adj subst.
the blind, the rich
S. sens distributif
the Egyptians you pass look askance at you.
so that/in order that/lest/for fear that
we erected a monument, lest our children (should)forget it/lest a spoken message (should)be misunderstood.
If everyone is to hear you, you must speak up (=si vous voulez que)
grognon, de mauvaise humeur, acarâtre, querelleur
A. Because, since, as, seeing that...
B. For (langue écrite, précédée d'une virgule, jamais en tête de phrase
ex: he went away, for he had finished his work.
C. si la cause est un nom ou un gerund
because, of, on account of, in view of, owing to
ex: in view of their deciding to change their holidays../he lost his way on account of having lost his map/ he was charged with murder, owing to the police finding the weapon on him.
D. cause exprimée sous forme d'un nom abstrait:
ex: he shuddered with fear, wept for joy, /out of malice/through your carelessness(négligence)
E. participe présent (style écrit) même sens qu'avec as
ex: being late, we decided/ john being late, we decided/ It being late, having already eaten 2 buns, he left/peter coming home, they felt relieved/John forgetting his umbrella, he got drenched/Being stunned, he did not know what was happening.
F. for+gerund
ex: I'm sorry for being late/ thank you for helping me/ he was punished for stealing apples/I am tired for working a lot./ I'm sorry for being late/ He was disappointed for having missed her./ she was happy for making so much money.
G. the+comp.+as/since/because
ex: I'm all the more tired as I worked a lot
Is there any chance of getting tickets/in getting tickets/to win tickets/that he will come.
The chances are that he will come
I came on the off chance that you would be there/of finding you there
he stands a good chance of passing the test.
A. Although/though
Although he is only 14, he is as tall as his father/he is as tall as his father -- though not as intelligent. /He does not want to go. he must, though. Though/Although I was not in the same class as John, I never knew him well.
EVEN THOUGH:
1. (=though) even though he said he had a brother, I did not believe him. Even though he sat next to me, we never said a word to each other (renforce le contaste) ! !
even though et even if ne sont pas équivalents
2. Even if he said he had a brother I wouldn't believe him.
B. HOWEVER, STILL, YET, NEVERTHELESS, EVEN SO.
However, if you back him, I'll believe him.
STill: He has a lot of money, still he is not happy/ and yet he is not happy.
YET: i's incredible, yet true/
EVEN SO: everything was burning, even so he kept smiling/ all the same he kept smiling
IN SPITE OF/ DESPITE
C. WHATEVER/NO MATTER/HOWEVER
EX: Whatever you do / no matter/what you do/who/where/how much/how rich
No matter what caused the accident, it was not a broken bottle. Whoever was responsible, it was not the pedestrian. Whenever it happened it was not yesterday. Wherever you met her, it was not in my house.
HOWEVER+ADJ: however happy you look = si heureux que vous paraissiez.
HOWEVER + MUCH +VB = however much you want to go./ However he tries, he will never ... ! il n’y a pas de much ici !
D. avec aux / may ou sans
adj+as+s+vb => patient as he was/ strong as he was/Good as he is, he will never be top of his class
E. much+as+s+vb
much as I dislike him
F. nom+though+s+vb
Frenchman though I am.
G. VB+AS+S+WOULD et autres expressions.
try as I would/ work as I would/ Try as he does/will/may/might/he will never..
say what you will
do what I might
be this as it may.
H. FOR ALL+NOM/PROP
FOR ALL HIS WEALTH/FOR ALL YOU MAY THINK/ for all I know/
I. NOT THAT
he is angry with me. NOT that I care (d'ailleurs cela m'est indifferent
J. May sens concessif
Brown may have lived all his life in France, but he does not speak French well
The children may come from poor homes, but they are quite neatly dressed
TRANSFORMER LES PHRASES SUIVANTES
Though he is very learned, I doubt whether he knows this
=>no matter how learned he may be, I
=>however learned he may be
=>learned as he may be
go!
Though it's very cheap, it's too expensive for them.
Though he was very shy, he told them what he thought.
Though I write to him, he never answers my letters.
Though he is foolish, he can't have made this mistake.
Though we admire him, we can't forgive him for being so cruel.
Though it's very late, we must ring them up.
Though I tried very hard, I couldn't understand this sentence.
Though it's very pleasant here, we shall have to leave very soon.
Though I dislike it, I feel I ought to tell you the truth.
CONDITION
if, event if, so long as, suppose, supposing that, on condition that, provided that, unless, in case it rains.
If you parked your car here, where is it now ?/You were very foolish/the police would have removed. (il s’agit non pas d’un irréel du présent mais d’un vrei passé)
If you were to touch that wire, you would be killed instantly. (supposition future)
| I’ll let you drive |
on condition (that) provided (that) providing (that ) so long as as long as |
you have a valid licence |
| Suppose Supposing that |
I had I were to have |
an accident, who would pay ? |
| Suppose Supposing that |
I had had |
an accident, who would have paid ? |
EVER
ever s’emploi séparé de what who when why how : what ever caused the accident, nobody knows why.
EXCLAMATIVES
So strong a man
mais ! such a strong man !
attention: "such strong men" est possible, mais :"so strong men " est impossible ! ! ! !
FORGET
On dit: I have forgotten my umbrella
mais: I have left my umbrella at home!
et non pas:* I have forgotten my umbrella at home.
Donc: quand il y a précision du lieu on ne peut pas mettre forget.
carré, franc :he is forthright :il ne mâche pas ses mots.
éreinté, claqué : worn to a frazzle
génitif déterminatif : the Russian’s reaction (the appartient au Russian)
génitif générique : a children’s home ("a" appartient à home !)
the Queen of England’s fortune ; the woman next door’s children ; ken and Klare’s home ; ken’s and clare’s homes.
A three hours’ journey ; a three-hour journey ;mais "a five years’ imprisonment "car indénombrable !
a film of Clint Eastwood’s
N2 of N1
The election of the president (pendant la campagne,) mais the president’s election -après la campagne) la relation existe déjà.
N1 est suivi d’une préposition ou une proposition relative: the name of the man in Anna’s room was O’Brien. ; the name of the man who spokle bad German.
N1 est inanimé :the bonnet of the car.ou N1 est objet de l’action : the discovery of America.
N1 bien qu’inanimé a un lien avec une activité humaine.
GOING to avec if
If Tom passes the examination, his father is going to buy him a bicycle
Mais ! If Tom asks his father to buy him a biclycle, his father will probably do so (=going to impossible)
HAGGARD
visage défait, hâve, décomposé
HARDLY
HARDLY/SCARCELY had I/ did I .... WHEN
NO SOONER had I ... THAN
HAVE
! have got/do you have:
I haven't got any money now
mais I don't usually have any money with me (action habituelle)
HEART
In my heart of hearts I knew full well
HOPE
I hope that he has arrived safely
I’m hoping to hear that
I’m hoping for news of his arrival
We hope to see you in may/we shall hope to see you.../we hope that we shall see you...
si la situation existe toujours : I told you the road is closed/the bridge has collapsed/no one can cross it.
A. Après neither, nor ,so
Sauf dans: "that's Isabelle". "So it is!"
B. Après les expressions négatives et only en début de phrase.
Seldom, rarely, never, hardly ... when , scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than,no .
EX: only then did I understand/ only after a year did I understand/ only in a few countries does the population enjoy a good standard of living/ not only did we lose, but we came close to losing our lives
ex avec NO: at no time was he aware/under no circumstances/ in no way can he be held responsible/ on no account are visitors allowed in.
C. Après les ct. circonstanciel de lieu en début de phrase (pas de do ni did)
Ex: On a hill stood.../A few miles further lies.../Round the corner walked .../Under the table was lying a man...
D. mais pas d'inversion après Perhaps!
KNOW
I don't know that he will be there: Je ne crois pas qu'il sera là.
LIKELY TO
Is it likely that he will come ?
Is he likely to come?
Is there any likelyhood/chance of his coming?
MERETRICIOUS
factice, clinquant
MILLIARD
1000 000: one million (=10 6)
1000 000 000: one thousand million (gb) (=10 9)= one billion (US)=un milliard(fr)
Aux US chaque fois qu'on ajoute 3 zéros on passe à trillion, quadrillion etc.. en GB on a la séquence one billion, one thousand billion, one trillion, one thousand trillion etc...
NEGATION
Il faut mettre la NEGATION au début:
Not all children can do it.
et I don't believe/think/imagine he will come
et non pas! *I think he won't come.
NOMS
invariables ; verbe sg.
Advice furniture, information, luggage, rubbish, health weather advice information, progress, research, news, knowledge hair, spagehtti, macaroni
fish is expensive fruit is rich in vitamins.
Billiards, mumps, measles news.
Invariables verbes pl.
Barracks
the cattle were grazing
retired clergy were given a pension
his herd were decimated (petit bétail)
the management evisage more redundancies
the police were called in
are your wages sufficient.
Invariables avec verbes sg ou pl
mathematics is interesting/ your mathematics are not good(application)
a series/series a species/species
an aircraft/two aircraft plaice (carrelet) salmon sheep trout
changement de sens : damage/damages (dégâts/dommages et intérêts ) pain/pains (douleur/efforts)
les noms propres : the two Germanys, the hillarys
quand tous les éléments sont invariables : a grown-up / grown-ups
quand le dernier est invariable : a mother-in-law / mothers-in-laws
OFF HAND manners
des façons très dégagées, peu cérémonieuses
OFTEN
On dit: I often go to the restaurant
mais: I fell several times! when going down that slope
et non pas :*I often fell when going down that slope.
conclusion: "often" ne peut s'employer quand il s'agit d'une action répétée dans les mêmes circonstances.
ORDRE DES MOTS
On the platform was a man ; In walked the headmaster ; In he walked.
Had we not been delayed, the accident would never had happened. : on ne peut pas dire Hadn’t we... ! !
ORDRE DES ADJECTIFS
determinatives+quality+size, length, shape+colour+noun,gerund=noun
ex : a very valuable gold watch
quite an attractive triangular green Cape-colony stamp
a useful oblong red tin box
a pretty purple silk dress
place des adverbes
we generally have coffee for breakfast (ful verb)
we have always bought best coffee
I often have to cook my breakfast
I have often cooked...
PHOTOGENIQUE
He photographed well
PLANE
The Kremlin is a global power on a plane with the US.
PREFER
I prefer my meat well done.
Would you prefer to start early ?
I should have preferred you to start early
He preferred that nothing be said
I prefer walking to cycling
I should prefer to start early rather than have to travel in crowded trains/ Rather than have to travel ... I should prefer to start early
Il faut obligatoirement employer rather than après prefer et non pas than seul. ! ! ! !
PRESENT PERFECT
Since we have lived here, we have made many friends.
PRETERIT
Preterit avec FROM: si l'action n'arrive pas jusqu'au moment présent
He played the piano from the age of 3, then stopped at 4
mais: He has been playing the piano since the age of 3 (et encore maintenant)
He had been playing the piano since the age of 3 when he had to stop.
ou bien: he had been playing since the age of 3, when his mother died and he had to stop.
et on peut dire: I have not seen him since I have been here.
PRETERIT MODAL
Georges writes as if he is left-handed (he is left handed)/ as if he was left-handed(he might be left handed)/as if he were left-handed (he is not left-handed)
PRIG
a prig=un pharisien/priggish=pharisaïque, suffisant, fat/priggishness=fatuité
PRONOM RELATIF
séparation du relatif de son antécédent : George was the only boy at school that I really liked. A war broke out which lasted for forty years.
That après :
all that remains
everything that
anything that
the first boat that
the fastest boat that
the next boat that
relative non-limitative, on trouve :
Sergeant Brown, to whom I showed my license, was very polite./..., whom I showed my licence to, ...
I can lend you two books, both of which are very good./..., of which both are very good.
That is the boy of whose father we have just been speaking. He is a man on whose shoulders falls a heavy responsibility.
PRURIENT
lascif/llascive
PUBLIC PURPOSES
60 years of communism even have shrivelled the sense of voluntary and conscientious commitment to public purposes.
QUITE
Moderately before a gradable adj (below 100%)
ex : quite good/well/pleased
I quite like it
Before an ungradable word (=100%)
quite right
I quite understand
I quite appreciate/believe/forget/realise/recognise. On peut trouver : I don’t quite understand.
RATHER / FAIRLY
that is a fairly long story/rather long story
that is rather a long story. It’s rather a story=a remarkable or complicated story. I rather like him. He was rather surprised/somewhat
SEWAGEMEN/DUSTMEN
SHOULD
avec than that
there is nothing I want more than that you should be happy
I am ready to do the work myself rather than that you should have to do it..
SO
on peut trouver so en tête de phrase :George was good at maths. So he was put into the 2nc class.
SUPERLATIF DES ADJECTIFS
A. IN/OF
IN= localisation OF=appartenance à un groupe.
ex: the best doctor in town
mais the youngest of the family
the tallest of the boys.
Omission de ONE
on peut omettre one parfois après:
1. comparatif: i bought the more expensive
2. superlatif: I took the largest
3. adjectif de couleur: I want the blue.
TAKE STOCK
she took stock of me
WHILE
G arrived while i was having a bath./He was playing while i was doing my homework./ G waited while I had my bath
WHIM
Late that night the whim seized him to drive to...
WHOSE
Whose house is this ? Whose is this house ?
WITNESS
to bear witness to/of : the test bear witness to the quality of the car
to give witness on behalf of the accused
he witnessed to the truth of the statement/to having seen the accused near the scene of the crime
WORTH/WORTH WHILE
Il est plus idiomatique de dire:
worth while to, mais worth while doing n'est pas faux.
Il faut un It anticipatoire pour construire acvec worth while
ex: it is worth while hearing about this subject
sinon on peut dire : this subject is worth hearing about
ex: it is worth while to remember this
ou bien: this is worth remembering.